Surgery case reports

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is one of the most common rheumatic diseases diagnosed in people over 50 years of age. Its incidence increases with age, reaching a peak at 72-73 years of age (PMR is rarely diagnosed in the 50-year-old population) [1]. Statistically, it affects women twice as often. A greater predisposition is also observed in the white race [2]. In Europe, the incidence is on average 1 in 133 people over 50 years of age [3]. There is also a clear geographical variation – the vast majority of diagnoses occur in Northern European countries, particularly Sweden, while in Southern Europe, for example, in Italy, it is much less frequently diagnosed. The etiology of the disease has not been fully elucidated. It is assumed that autoimmune processes underlie it. The role of solar radiation and viral infections has also been suggested [2]. Typical symptoms of polymyalgia include pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulder girdle, and hip muscles [1,2]. PMR belongs to a group of inflammatory diseases with an immune basis. Its etiology also includes a genetic predisposition, including the involvement of antigens: HLA-DR4, HLADRB1*04, and proinflammatory cytokines: TNFα and IL6. Some studies have also demonstrated reduced secretion of adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone) in individuals affected by this condition [4]. The variety of factors postulated to play a significant role in the development of PMR indicates the need for further research into the etiology of this disease.

Tongue cancer is the most common oral cancer [1]. Most patients report exposure to known risk factors for cancer development, such as frequent alcohol consumption, smoking, and poor oral hygiene [1, 2]. Unfortunately, due to the tumor's location and patients' failure to appreciate early symptoms, most diagnoses are made in very advanced stages of the disease [2]. We present a case report of a patient with incidentally diagnosed tongue cancer.

Due to immunosuppressive therapy, paƟents who underwent organ allotransplantaƟon are more likely to present an unusual clinical manifestaƟon of frequent everyday diseases. We present an uncommon case of Scabies in the renal transplanted recipient.

Wirus ospy wietrznej-półpaśca (VZV) jest powszechnie kojarzony z wywoływaniem ospy wietrznej oraz półpaśca. Niestety, może również spowodować szereg komplikacji, włącznie z zajęciem ośrodkowego układu nerwowego.

A new era in reconstructive transplantation, has introduced vascularized allogeneic composite grafts, such as the human face, hand, larynx and abdominal wall. Currently, 38 face transplants have been performed worldwide with an 85% survival rate. Routine face transplantation is limited due to the need to take immunosuppressive drugs with which serious complications are associated, up to and including death.

To present, based on our own experience, a comprehensive transplantation of neck organs (including the larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid gland with parathyroid glands, muscular structures and the skin covering of the anterior neck wall) using microsurgery techniques for optimal results.

Pelvic fatigue fractures most often involve the sacrum and hip bones. Their cause is repetitive micro-injuries to which people who engage in regular sustained physical activity are exposed. One of the rarest locations of a fatigue fracture is the acetabulum of the hip joint.

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of the bone. It is the second most common among sarcomas of bones in adults. The early symptom is pain; in later stages, there is a tumor and distortion of the outline of the limb. The first and primary examination is a review roentgenography (X-ray) of the entire bone in two projections along with the adjacent joint. The histopathological diagnosis is established on the basis of an examination of the of tissue material taken during surgical biopsy. Treatment consists of resection of the tumor.

Membranous structures within the right atrium of the heart are a rare congenital defect that causes many diagnostic difficulties. In differentiation, we considered persistent sinus venosus valve, persistent Eustachian valve, persistent Tebezius valve, and persistent Chiari network.

Endometriosis is a disease in which endometrial cells are located outside the uterine cavity. It affects women of reproductive age reproductive age. Rarely, endometriosis foci localize in the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal endometriosis most often occurs in the large intestine, sometimes causing mechanical obstruction.

Emphysematous pyelonephri􀆟s (EPN) is an acute complication of urinary tract infection with bacteria that produce gas. The mortality rate in this condition, according to some authors, can be as high as 80%. The most common pathogen causing EPN is Escherichia coli. Therapy is based on empirical administration of antibiotics and surgical treatment.

Myxomas of the heart are the most common primary heart tumors. The incidence of this condition is estimated at 5/million/year. The recommended treatment is to resect the tumor as soon as possible, along with a margin of healthy tissue. Myxomas can recur if all tumor cells are not removed during surgery.